Sir Isaac Newton said, "I stand on the shoulders of giants." What he was saying in the speech of his time was that all he knew came from the knowledge of others. Such is true at PAXIS, every fact, theory, hypothesis, study, research finding or item of wisdom has roots in prior observation, study or wisdom.. Even the most sophisticated study that we or colleagues in the field might plan, must, be necessity be based in the work of others. Almost no innovation emerges de novo .

Our library is a gateway to creativity. They more you review, read and reflect on the items, the more we hope you will be able to become an active participant in the creative process of PAXIS Institute. We invite you to make submissions to our "interlibrary loan" service, which is fundamentally useful and valuable links on the web.. We invite you to make submissions to our planned on-line PAXIS Journal, which will include peer-review commentaries from practitioners, users, scholars and even young people. We expect new postings and information each week, so please place this site among your favorites..

The PAXIS Electronic Library provides two services: 1) hyperlink, and 2) downloads. Downloads will most typically require Adobe Acrobat, which is available for free from www.adobe.com

Productivity & Achievement

Next Generation Prevention Efforts
    Nextgen.pdf  (592 kb)
This paper (in review) and presented at the California Applied Behavior Analysis conference outlines the next steps in the country for applying science for multi-problem prevention.  The paper outlines how classic research from applied behavior analysis as well as from more recent research in evolutionary psychology could be applied using advanced technology.  The plans are being undertaken now in Wyoming, Ohio, Oklahoma, Chicago and other locations.  Researchers and students in other locations may join in the design and implementation of the new efforts.

	Work Place Classics
	Current Work Place Shelf
	School Culture or Climate Classics These studies are classics, frequently cited and used by scientists and scholars who seek ways to improve the climate for achievement in schools. Many of the these studies appear in the precision-oriented behavioral science.   The Good Behavior Game has some of the strongest research results ever of any intervention in reducing multi-problem behavior.  This article reviews the research on the award-winning strategy, and how PAXIS Institute is bringing it to states and communities everywhere.  It can greatly reduce the stress on teachers related to problem and disruptive behaviors.  PAXIS has renamed the Game and added features to make it more flexible.
	Current School Culture or Climate Shelf These are current features of the PAXIS site, which may be linked or not. Embry, D.D. (1998). Mapping Strategies to Increase School Safety:Turning science into practice, Recommendations for Attendees at the White House Conference on School Safety October, 1998. This paper explores some key issues to be considered by policy makers, state officials, school districts, law enforcement and public-health officials in responding to the crises that have emerged in the past 12 months.

Domestic Tranquility Initiative

The Science of Peace or Violence A discussion of the neuroscience of how school climate can either increase or prevent substance abuse, violent crime, school failure, etc.

Substance Abuse Prevention and Intervention

Heyman, Gene M. (1996). Resolving the contradictions of addiction.
Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19 (4): 561-610.

Comment: This article is a tour-de-force of advanced thinking on the problems of substance abuse. It has excellent background information. There are some technical references and information that some readers may require additional background to understand fully, such as the matching law.

Technical Abstract: Research findings on addiction are contradictory. According to biographical records and widely used diagnostic manuals, addicts use drugs compulsively. These accounts are consistent with genetic research and laboratory experiments in which repeated administration of addictive drugs caused changes in neural substrates associated with reward. However, epidemiological and experimental data show that the consequences of drug consumption can significantly modify drug intake in addicts. The disease model can account for the compulsive features of addiction, but not occasions in which price and punishment reduced drug consumption in addicts. Conversely, learning models of addiction can account for the influence of price and punishment, but not compulsive drug taking. The occasion for this paper is that recent developments in behavioral choice theory resolve the apparent contradictions in the addiction literature. The basic argument includes the following four statements. First, repeated consumption of an addictive drug decreases its future value and the future value of competing activities. Second, the frequency of an activity is a function of its relative (not absolute) value. This implies that an activity that reduces the values of competing behaviors can increase in frequency even if its own value also declines. Third, a recent experiment (Heyman & Tanz, 1995) shows that the effective reinforcement contingencies are relative to a frame of reference, and this frame of reference can change so as to favor optimal or sub-optimal choice. Fourth, if the frame of reference is local, reinforcement contingencies will favor excessive drug use, but if the frame of reference is global, the reinforcement contingencies will favor controlled drug use. The transition from a global to local frame of reference explains relapse and other compulsive features of addiction.